Corporate elites

http://networks.centre4innovation.org/dans/?page_id=9

E.M. Heemskerk

Description

This dataset focuses on the network of interlocking directorates in the Netherlands. Heemskerk collected data about the largest 250 firms in the Netherlands at three points in time: 1976, 1996 and 2001. The top 50 financial institutions ranked by assets and the top 200 non-financial corporations ranked by revenue were included for these three years. The 1976 data was collected by Stokman for the Ten Nations Study. Heemskerk has edited the original 1976 data of Stokman on a few points. The main sources for the 1996 and 2001 datasets were annual reports. Per person, the dataset provides information on: name, function(s), (academic) title, sex, year of birth, sometimes the birthdate and whether the person belongs to a noble or patrician family. The database also shows whether a company is a financial company or not. In 1976 there are 194 firms with interlocks, in 1996 the number of firms with interlocks is 196, but in 2001 this number is declined to 137 firms. The number of board interlocks decreased from 1112 interlocks in 1976 to 825 in 1996 to 514 board interlocks in 2001. The Dutch network of interlocking directorates has declined between 1976 and 2001.

Primary publication(s)

• Heemskerk, E.M. (2007). Decline of the corporate community. Network dynamics of the Dutch Business Elite. Amsterdam: Amsterdam University Press

Secondary publication(s)

• Heemskerk, E.M. (2004). De internationalisering van de financieel-economische bedrijfselite. In M. Fennema & H. Schijf (eds.), Nederlandse elites in de twintigste eeuw. Continuiteit en verandering (pp. 15-38). Amsterdam: Amsterdam University Press
• Fennema, M., & Heemskerk, E.M. (2005). Het old boys netwerk bestaat niet meer. In D.J. Kraan & A. Ros (eds.), The visible hand. Ondernemingsbestuur in Nederland (pp. 70-84). Den Haag: Wim Drees Stichting
• Heemskerk, E.M., & Fennema, M. (2009). Network dynamics of the Dutch business elite. International Sociology, 24 (6), 807-832

Additional descriptives

Dataset owned by E.M. Heemskerk

F.N. Stokman & J. van der Knoop

Description

This dataset contains information on interlocking directorates in the Netherlands. The authors main interest was the stability of these interlocks. They started with the list of 200 largest production companies and 50 largest financial companies. For various reasons, they reduced the list to 55 production companies and 15 financial companies. They collected the names of directors of these companies for the years 1960, 1964, 1969, 1972, 1976 and 1980. In case of mergers they used data of the most important partner. The database contains information about the name, function and title of the directors. The database also shows the years in which a person is director at a particular company. Due to a large number of mergers between 1964 and 1969, the number of included companies reduced from 86 to 70. Since 1964 the number of multiple directors is stable around 160. Between 1960 and 1980 there were only 405 different multiple directors.

Primary publication(s)

• Knoop, J. van der, Stokman, F.N., & Wasseur, F.W. (1984). Theoretische herinterpretatie van dubbelfuncties tussen grote bedrijven. Stabiliteit en carrière-opbouw in de periode 1960-1980. In J. Dronkers & F.N. Stokman (eds.), Nederlandse elites in beeld (pp. 27-47). Deventer: Van Loghum Slaterus
• Stokman, F.N., Knoop, J. van der & Wasseur, F.W. (1988). Interlocks in the Netherlands: Stability and careers in the period 1960-1980. Social Networks, 10 (2), 183-208

Secondary publication(s)

• Knoop, J. van der. (1991). Tussen toeschouwen en meesturen. De rol van commissarissen in en tussen grote vennootschappen. Groningen: University of Groningen

Additional descriptives

Dataset owned by F.N. Stokman & J. van der Knoop

J. Nobel & M. Fennema

Description

This dataset is concerned with the development of networks of interlocking directorates among Dutch companies that have a link with Indonesia. For the year 1948, Nobel and Fennema identified a group of companies operating in Indonesia and a group of companies exporting to Indonesia. The first group contains all in Indonesia operating companies that were listed on the Amsterdam stock exchange with assets over 4 million guilder. The second group consists of the largest exporting companies to Indonesia by sector. He collected the names of directors of 141 selected companies for the years 1946, 1950, 1954, 1958, and 1962. The main sources for these data were annual reports and Van Oss’ Effectenboek. The database contains information about the name and function(s) of the directors, as well as the period in which a person is director at a particular company. The city were the company is located is included in the database as well. Between 1946 and 1962 there is a core of around 200 interlocking directors. Until 1958, the number of interlocks is around 1000, but after 1958 this number declines to 823.

Primary publication(s)

• Nobel, J. (1983). Verlegde lijnen. De herstrukturering van Nederlands op Indonesië georiënteerde bedrijfsleven. Amsterdam: Universiteit van Amsterdam
• Nobel, J., & Fennema, M. (2004). Economische elites na de dekolonisatie van Nederlands-Indië. Verlies van posities, desintegratie van netwerken, verschuiving van zwaartepunten. In M. Fennema & H. Schijf (eds.), Nederlandse elites in de twintigste eeuw. Continuiteit en verandering (pp. 15-38). Amsterdam: Amsterdam University Press

Secondary publication(s)

• Baudet, E.H.P., & Fennema M. (1983). Het Nederlands belang bij Indië. Utrecht: Het Spectrum
• Schijf, H. (2008). Regenten capitalists, their rise, decline and reorientation in colonial and independent Indonesia, 1900-1962. Paper presented at the seventh European Social Science History Conference in Lisbon

Additional descriptives

Dataset owned by J. Nobel

Remarks

H. Schijf has edited the original dataset of Nobel and Fennema. He has integrated the individual year files into one comprehensive dataset. The current dataset is the result of the adjustments of Schijf.

H. Schijf

Description

Schijf build a database of the networks of interlocking directorates among Dutch joint-stock companies around 1900. He collected data about the Dutch business elite for the years 1886 and 1902 from De Nederlandsche Naamlooze Vennootschappen. Schijf selected the largest companies by sector. He included all companies with an amount of capital that was higher than the average in the sector. This resulted in 142 companies in 1886. Between 1886 and 1902, 38 of these 142 companies disappeared from the sample. Thus, the 1902 database contains 104 companies. The database contains the following information for each corporation: the year the company was founded, the city where it is located, and the sector in which it operates. The database also includes the names and function(s) of the directors. In addition, the database contains biographical data on the interlocking directors in 1886 and 1902. In 1886, 197 interlocking directors occupy 528 of the 1102 positions in the 142 largest companies. In 1902, the 134 interlockers hold 539 of the 863 positions in 104 companies. At the beginning of the twentieth century, the Dutch business elites were connected through a dense network of interlocking directorates.

Primary publication(s)

• Schijf, H. (1993). Netwerken van een financieel-economische elite: personele verbindingen in het Nederlandse bedrijfsleven aan het eind van de negentiende eeuw. Amsterdam: Het Spinhuis

Additional descriptives

Dataset owned by H. Schijf

T. Hendriks

Description

This database contains the network of interlocking directorates among Dutch hospitals. Hendriks selected 23 hospitals located in or near Amsterdam (8), Rotterdam (6), Utrecht (5), and Friesland (4). The data were compiled from annual reports. The database contains information on the name, academic title, expertise and (other) function(s) of 201 directors of these hospitals. In addition to their position in the hospital board, these directors hold positions in 876 other organizations. Twenty-two hospitals are interconnected because hospital directors meet each other in these other organizations. At the national and at the regional level there is a social network of hospital elites.

Primary publication(s)

• Hendriks, T. (2010). Kunnen ziekenhuizen de rol vervullen die hen is toebedeeld? De invloed van de samenstelling van raden van bestuur en toezicht van ziekenhuizen op de taken van het ziekenhuis in een stelsel van gereguleerde concurrentie (masterscriptie). Politicologie, Universiteit van Amsterdam
• Heemskerk, E.M., Hendriks, T., & Wats, M. (2010). Vormen de ‘old boys’ een gevaar voor marktwerking in de zorg. Goed Bestuur, 6 (4), 48-55

Dataset owned by T. Hendriks

E.M. Heemskerk

Description

This dataset contains the network of interlocking directors in the Dutch media sector. Heemskerk selected 583 companies that are active in de the media sector, divided in four categories: program production firms, packaging firms, distribution firms and financial institutions. The database contains a classification of companies by category and an indication for subsidiary firms. Also included are the names and function(s) of the 1595 directors. Information about the media companies was collected by the Dutch Media Authority and information about the financial institutions was collected by Heemskerk from annual reports. In the primary publications Heemskerk and Fennema excluded all subsidiaries with identical boards as their parent companies. Within the selected 410 companies, there are 1769 board positions that were occupied by 1596 persons. There are only 141 persons that have more than one board position. The network of interlocking directors in the Dutch media sector is relatively light and fragmented.

Primary publication(s)

• Heemskerk, E.M., & Fennema, M. (2001). Een netwerkanalyse van de mediasector in Nederland. Research report for the Dutch Media Authority
• Fennema, M, & Heemskerk, E.M. (2002). A network analysis of Dutch mass media concentration. Paper presented at the XII Sunbelt Conference in New Orleans

Dataset owned by E.M. Heemskerk

B.L. Icke, R.J. Mokken & H. Schijf

Description

Icke et al. focus on governance structures in industrial corporations in the Netherlands. They have collected data about 97 Dutch industrial and commercial corporations for the year 1993. These 97 corporations were part of the 100 largest Dutch corporations, ranked by assets. Icke et al. have primarily focused on biographical data of executive directors of these 97 corporations. They used different sources for this information. For each corporation the database contains information about the sector in which it operates and the city where it was located.

Primary publication(s)

• Icke, B.L., Mokken, R.J. & Schijf, H. (1997). Technologie & Management. Bestuursstructuren in industriële ondernemingen. Amsterdam: Het Spinhuis

Dataset owned by H. Schijf

J. van der Knoop

Description

Van der Knoop is interested in the network of interlocking directorates in the Netherlands. He collected data about Dutch directors for the year 1984 from Financieel Economisch Lexicon 1985. He selected 114 industrial and trade companies that belong to the 151 largest Dutch companies (ranked by revenue). Besides he selected the 16 largest banks and 13 largest insurance companies (ranked by assets). He collected the names, functions, title, year of birth of directors of 144 Dutch companies. There are 727 interlocking directorates among the 144 companies. 42 persons (3,5% of all persons included) have four board positions or more, i.e. this small group is responsible for 64% of all interlocks.

Primary publication(s)

• Knoop, J. van der. (1991). Tussen toeschouwen en meesturen. De rol van commissarissen in en tussen grote vennootschappen. Groningen: University of Groningen

Dataset owned by J. van der Knoop & F.N. Stokman

F.N. Stokman

Description

This dataset contains the network of interlocking directorates in the Netherlands. Stokman collected data about the largest 250 firms in the Netherlands for 1976. The top 50 financial institutions ranked by assets and the top 200 non-financial corporations ranked by revenue were included. The database contains information about the name and function of the directors. The main component of this network consists of 190 companies. There are 357 multiple directors in 1976. 65% of all interlocks were carried by multiple directors with four or more positions.

Primary publication(s)

• Stokman, F.N. ,Wasseur, F.W. & Elsas, D. (1985). The Dutch network: types of interlocks and network structure. In F.N. Stokman, R. Ziegler, & J. Scott (pp. 112-130). Networks of corporate power. Cambridge: Polity Press

Dataset owned by F.N. Stokman

Remarks

Heemskerk used this 1976 database for his study of the decline of the corporate community. But because Heemskerk has edited the 1976 data of Stokman on a few points, the original database of Stokman is presented separately.

R.J. Mokken & F.N. Stokman

Description

Mokken and Stokman look at the relations between boards of directors of large corporations in the Netherlands. They selected the 86 largest Dutch business corporations, financial companies and financial state institutions for 1972. They used different selection criteria for these categories. The current database contains 90 corporations. The primary publication reports on the top 86. The database includes information about the name and function of 878 directors.

Primary publication(s)

• Mokken, R.J. & Stokman, F.N. (1978). Traces of power IV: The 1972 intercoporate network in the Netherlands. In H.J. Hummell (eds.), Mathematische Ansätze zur Analyse sozialer Macht. (pp. 221-247). Duisburg: Verlag der Sozialwissenschaftlichen Koopeative
• Mokken, R.J. & Stokman, F.N. (1979). Traces of power V: Information and cooptation. Comparative analysis of two corporate networks in the Netherlands. ECPR Joint Sessions of Workshops, Brussels

Dataset owned by F.N. Stokman

M.H. Helmers, R.J. Mokken, R.C. Plijter & F.N. Stokman

Description

Helmers et al. are interested in the network of board interlocks among Dutch companies. They selected the largest production companies, financial companies and government agencies in the Netherlands for 1969. Their original database contains information about 64 production companies, 22 financial companies and government agencies. They used different selection criteria for these categories. The main sources for information about the production and financial companies are annual reports and for the government agencies they used the Staatsalmanak 1970. Based on the information in appendix B3 in Graven naar macht, Heemskerk reconstructed the original database. Appendix B3 contains only persons that occupy seats in at least two different companies. The reconstructed database contains information about 84 production and financial companies, and about 24 government agencies. The reconstructed database shows the names of 448 interlocking directors.

Primary publication(s)

• Helmers, M.H., Mokken, R.J., Plijter, R.C. & Stokman, F.N. (1975). Graven naar macht: op zoek naar de kern van de Nederlandse economie. Amsterdam: Van Gennep

Dataset owned by E.M. Heemskerk

M. Kuitenbrouwer & H. Schijf

Description

Kuitenbrouwer and Schijf focus on multiple directors from companies with their main activities in the Dutch East Indies. They collected data about Dutch colonial business elite for the year 1902 from the Handboek voor Cultuur- en Handelsondernemingen in Nederlandsch Indië. They have selected the largest Dutch owned joint-stock companies by sector. Their sample contains 212 companies active in the Dutch East Indies in agriculture (98), mining (47), industry (28), insurance (13), banking (10), and other sectors. The database contains the following information: the year the company was founded, the city where the headquarters is located, the amount of nominal capital, and the sector in which it operates. The database includes the names and function of the directors and sometimes also other personal characteristics. 186 companies have one or more interlocking directorships within the sample of 212 companies. There are 195 interlockers who occupy 564 seats. The Dutch colonial business elite in 1902 is predominated by regenten capitalists from Amsterdam and The Hague. In addition, this Dutch colonial business elite strongly overlaps with the national Dutch business elite, as it is identified by Schijf (1993).

Primary publication(s)

• Kuitenbrouwer, M., & Schijf, H. (1998). The Dutch colonial business elite at the turn of the century. Itinerario, 22 (1), 61-86

Secondary publication(s)

• Schijf, H. (2008). Regenten capitalists, their rise, decline and reorientation in colonial and independent Indonesia, 1900-1962. Paper presented at the seventh European Social Science History Conference in Lisbon

Dataset owned by H. Schijf